I used pictures from the game Tomb Raider to explain the keywords: Pixel, Raster, Vector, Bit Depth, Colour Space, Image Capture and Optimising.
Definitions:
Pixel - A single point in a raster image. The more pixels an image contains, the higher its resolution is.
"The basic unit of programmable colour on a computer display or image; it's the smallest addressable screen element in raster graphics. They are the phosphorescent dots displayed on a computer screen, which merge to form the displayed picture. The more pixels there are on screen, the sharper the image, but to sharpen the image it's reduced in size in the display.
It follows that while a display of 800x600 pixels may strictly be sharper and clearer other than one of 640x480, it is also smaller and potentially not as comfortable to use." [Source][Source2]
Raster - Is made with a lot of pixels.
"Is defined as digital material where the information is made up of pixels. An example of raster data is a scanned image or photograph." [Source]
"A raster graphics image or bitmap is a data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of pixels or points of colour, viewable via monitor, paper or other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats." [Source]
Vector - Often serve better for type of settings or for graphic design. Complementary to raster graphics.
"Vector graphics use mathematical relationships between points and the paths connecting them to describe an image." [Source]
"Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics, which is the representation of images as an array of pixels, as is typically used for the representation of photographic images. There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is the best practice, and instances when working with raster tools and formats is the best practice."
Bit Depth - The number of computer bits used for colour & tonal information; 8 bit, 16 bit, 24 bit, 36 bit, 48 bit.
"In computer graphics, colour depth or bit depth is the number of bits (binary data bits/binary digit) used to represent the colour of a single pixel in a bitmapped image or video frame buffer (A framebuffer is a video output device that drives a video display from a memory buffer containing a complete frame of data). This concept is also known as bits per pixel (bpp), particularly when specified along with the number of bits used. Higher colour depth gives a broader range of distinct colours." [Source]
"Also called pixel depth - measures how much colour information is available to display or print each pixel in an image. Greater bit depth (more bits of information per pixel) means more available colours and more accurate colour representation in the digital image." [Source]
Colour Space - The amount of colours one can work with (RedBlueGreen/CyanMagentaYellowKBlack)
"A method of representing colours in terms of measurable values such as the amount of red, yellow and blue in a colour image." [Source]
"A colour model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colours can be represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values of colour components (ex. RGB and CMYK are colours models). However, a colour model with no associated mapping function to an absolute colour space is a more or less arbitrary colour system with no connection to any globally-understood system of colour interpretation." [Source]
Image Capture - Obtaining a digital image of a picture by using a device such as camera or taking a screenshot using a computer program
"Create digital images from sources ranging from print to a computer display." [Source]
"The process of using a device such as a scanner or digital camera to convert images into digitized data." [Source]
Optimising - The filesize & picture quality. Three areas where bytes can improve your graphics are; bit depth, resolution and dimensions.
"Optimising images for the web is a tricky business. You have to get the right balance between filesize and picture quality. It is an essential step though. Look at any webpage, and you will see that most of its load time comes from images. Your website will needlessly slow if you don't drop the sizes of these images. There are three keys where bytes can be shaved off your graphics: bit depth, resolution and dimension." [Source]
Researching about these keywords I've come to a conclusion that one needs the other in order to function.
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